Optimizing adaptive bit rate streaming for content delivery

ABSTRACT

A content streaming system and methodology for facilitating the dynamic management of adaptive bitrate streaming bundles in content streaming. The dynamic management of the adaptive bitrate streaming bundles can include the utilization of an efficiency matrix that associates meta-data associated with the delivery of content streaming data with available bitrate encodings or bitrate/format combinations. The content streaming system can then dynamically manage bitrate manifests to dynamically change encoding bitrates or bitrate/format combinations offered to clients based on network conditions, client attributes, content attributes, and the like.

BACKGROUND

Generally described, computing devices and communication networks can beutilized to exchange information. In a common application, a computingdevice can request content from another computing device via thecommunication network. For example, a user at a personal computingdevice can utilize a browser application to request a content page(e.g., a network page, a Web page, etc.) from a server computing devicevia a network (e.g., the Internet). In such embodiments, the usercomputing device can be referred to as a client computing device and theserver computing device can be referred to as a content provider.

Content providers are generally motivated to provide requested contentto client computing devices often with consideration of efficienttransmission of the requested content to the client computing deviceand/or consideration of a cost associated with the transmission of thecontent. For larger scale implementations, a content provider mayreceive content requests from a high volume of client computing deviceswhich can place a strain on the content provider's computing resources.Additionally, the content requested by the client computing devices mayhave a number of components, which can further place additional strainon the content provider's computing resources.

Some content providers attempt to facilitate the delivery of requestedcontent through the utilization of a content delivery network (“CDN”)service provider. As with content providers, CDN service providers arealso generally motivated to provide requested content to clientcomputing devices often with consideration of efficient transmission ofthe requested content to the client computing device and/orconsideration of a cost associated with the transmission of the content.Accordingly, CDN service providers often consider factors such aslatency of delivery of requested content in order to meet service levelagreements or to generally improve the quality of delivery service.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Throughout the drawings, reference numbers may be re-used to indicatecorrespondence between referenced elements. The drawings are provided toillustrate example embodiments described herein and are not intended tolimit the scope of the disclosure.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a communication management environment thatincludes one or more client devices, one or more user devices, and avideo packaging system according to one embodiment;

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of illustrative components of a clientcomputing device configured to remotely process content in accordancewith an illustrative embodiment;

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of illustrative components of a packaging andorigination service configured to content manifest for implementation inclient devices in accordance with an illustrative embodiment;

FIGS. 4A-4C are block diagrams of the content delivery environment ofFIG. 1 illustrating the interaction related to user device forgenerating content requests;

FIG. 5 is a flow diagram illustrative of a content processing routineimplemented by a video packaging system; and

FIG. 6 is a flow diagram illustrative of a content processing routineimplemented by a video packaging system.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Generally described, content providers can provide content to requestingusers. In some embodiments, the content providers can utilize orincorporate content delivery network (“CDN”) service providers todeliver content to clients with increased efficiency or less latency.With regard to video content, a content provider can implement a videopackaging and origination service that is able to deliver video contentto requesting users. In accordance with an illustrative embodiment, theCDN or other content delivery component can deliver video content torequesting users or client computing devices utilizing streamingtransmissions in accordance with one of a range of communicationprotocols, such as the hypertext transfer protocol (“HTTP”).

In certain embodiments, communication network bandwidth may be limitedor constrained to deliver content, such as communication networksincluding delivery of content to mobile devices. In one aspect, contentproviders can organize requested content, such as a video file, intomultiple segments that are then transmitted to requesting devicessegment by segment. For example, in a video stream, each segmentedportion typically accounts for 2-10 seconds of video rendered on areceiving device.

Each video segment can be encoded according to a defined bitrate andformat, which generally defines the number of bits of data that areencoded over a measured amount of time and the specific softwarealgorithm and resulting content representation format utilized to encodethe data for transmission. For video files, bitrates are typicallymeasured according to how many kilobits or megabits of data over asecond of time. By way of example, a data file that corresponds to 1megabyte of video data encoded in one second would be considered to havean encoding bitrate of 8 mbps (e.g., 8 megabits per second) while alower definition video file that corresponds to 45 kilobytes of videodata processed in one second would be considered to have an encodingbitrate of 360 kbps (e.g., 306 kilobits per second). In some basicimplementations, a client computing device can simply request contenthaving a fixed encoding rate or have a fixed encoding rate selected inresponse to a streaming content request. Such a fixed encoding rateapproach can be deficient in facilitating variance of the encodingbitrate (both positive and negative) based on factors, such as networkbandwidth, client computing device utilization, quality demands, and thelike. In addition to the association of the encoding bitrate, videosegments can be further defined by associating the encoding bitrate withthe encoding format utilized by the encoder to generate the outputstream. The encoding format can correspond to a content representationformat for storage or transmission of video content (such as in a datafile or bitstream). Examples of encoding formats include but not limitedto the motion pictures expert group (“MPEG) MPEG-2 Part 2, MPEG-4 Part2, H.264 (MPEG-4 Part 10), high efficiency video coding (”HEVC″),Theora, RealVideo RV40, VP9, and AOMedia Video 1 (“AV1”), and the like.

In some embodiments, it may be possible for the content provider tofacilitate variable bit rate encoding to enable for variances in theencoding bitrates of individual segments of a video file. In suchembodiments, the content provider can generate multiple encoded bitrateversions or combinations of encoded bitrates and formats of individualvideo file segments. The content provider can then make at least asubset of the multiple bitrate encoded versions available to clientsresponsive to a request for a particular encoded bitrate version andformat. Generally, a content provider can generate a catalog identifyingthe video segments and encoded bitrates for each identified videosegment. The catalog can be written into a manifest file that isprovided to individual client computing devices that have requested thevideo file. Thereafter, each client computing devices, through arespective software application, can request individual video segmentsaccording to the available encoded bitrates and formats as published inthe manifest file.

By way of illustrative example, a client computing device may requestthe first video segment at a lower or default bitrate or at the lowestavailable bitrate. For ease of discussion, the encoding format may alsobe requested with the encoding bitrate or the encoding format may bepre-defined. With continued reference to the illustrative example, ifthe requested segments are received and the software applicationdetermines that a download speed exceeds the requested bitrate of thereceived segment, the next requested segment can be requested at ahigher bitrate. The process can continue until the software applicationreaches a maximum bitrate (e.g., due to financial considerations orother controls) or until the requested bitrate matches the availabledownload bandwidth. Still further, if during the transmission of thevideo file, the bandwidth conditions change, the software applicationcan request a different encoding bitrate based on the changedconditions.

While adaptive bit rate streaming implementations facilitate streamingcontent delivery experiencing variable bandwidth scenarios, suchimplementations typically involve a fixed bundle of bitrate encoding foreach segment in a video file. Such approaches utilizing fixed bundles ofbitrate encoding are not optimized for individual varying bandwidthscenarios or varying scenarios related to different devices. Rather,these approaches can be considered to implement a typical one size fitsall approach in selecting which encoding bitrates (or bitrates andformat combinations) are included in the bundle of bitrate encoding. Forexample, a fixed manifest will likely include a large range of encodingbitrates to facilitate low bandwidth connections (e.g., mobile devices)and high bandwidth connections (e.g., optimized computing devices with adirect network connection). For lower bandwidth connected devices, thenumber of different encoding bitrates for a given encoding format thatare able to be requested can be more limited as the higher encodingrates would likely never be achievable. Accordingly, in some scenarios,especially related to mobile device content streaming, the need fordynamically modifying the encoding bitrates identified in data filemanifests can further facilitate the content streaming services.

Aspects of the present application correspond to a content streamingsystem and methodology for facilitating the dynamic management ofadaptive bitrate streaming bundles in content streaming. The dynamicmanagement of the adaptive bitrate streaming bundles can include theutilization of an efficiency matrix that associates meta-data associatedwith the delivery of content streaming data with available bitrateencodings and encoding formats. The content streaming system can thendynamically manage bitrate manifests to dynamically change encodingbitrates or encoding bitrates and formats offered to clients based onnetwork conditions, client attributes, content attributes, and the like.

Illustratively, individual client computing devices, via a softwareapplication or agent, collect information regarding the receipt andprocessing of requested segments of video data. Such collectedinformation can be generally referred to as metric information and canbe passed to the content streaming system in form of meta-data. Themeta-data can include, but is not limited to, the throughput or numberof segments were received over a defined period of time (e.g., xseconds), the bitrate for each received segment, the requested format,error rates or re-request rates, bitrates that were identified in abundle/manifest but not requested, formats that were identified in abundle/manifest but not requested .and the like. The informationcollected by the client computing device may be directly correlated. tothe specific file being requested and streamed. The collectedinformation may be transmitted to the content streaming system inreal-time, based on a periodic interval, or based on a request forinformation or other triggering event.

After receiving the meta-data, the content streaming system generates orupdates an efficiency matrix that correlates the received metricinformation in the meta-data with the different encoding bitrates orbitrate/format combinations. Illustratively, the content streamingsystem can utilize the efficiency matrix to log metrics about individualencoding bitrates or bitrate/format combinations. For individual clientcomputing devices or sets of client computing devices, the contentstreaming system can then identify various trends or characteristicsrelated to the currently offered bundle of encoding bitrates orbitrate/format combinations. For example, the content streaming systemcan identify encoding bitrates or bitrate/format combinations that havenot been requested or in which the number of requests fall below aminimum threshold. Additionally, the content streaming system canidentify opportunities for additional encoding bitrates orbitrate/format combinations by identifying encoding bitrates orbitrate/format combinations that have been requested a number of timesabove the minimum threshold and determining whether additional encodingbitrates between the identified encoding bitrates are possible andavailable. Using the efficiency matrix, the content streaming system canoptimize the manifest or encoding bitrate bundle that is made availableto the client computing device for subsequent segment requests.

In addition to the efficiency matrix, in another embodiment, the contentstreaming system can receive utilize information characterizing thecontent segments to select encoding bitrates or bitrate/formatcombinations to be included in a bundle/manifest or to process requestsfor encoding bitrates. Illustratively, the information characterizingthe content segments can include quality designations that can specify aminimal level of encoding bitrate or bitrate/format combinations for thesegments associated with the characterization. The content streamingsystem can then be configured with business logic or other rules thatdictate or influence how bitrates are provided to the client computingdevices or how requests for a “higher” or “lower” encoding bitrates arereceived and processed. For example, content designated as a higherquality content may require a higher encoding bitrate or specificencoding format combinations than content designated as a lower qualitycontent even though the efficiency matrix may identify similarperformance metrics. Although quality is represented as an illustrativecharacterization, other characterizations may also be included.Additionally, for purposes of the present application reference toexamples related to selecting various encoding bitrates for segmentswill be equally applicable to selecting encoding bitrate in combinationwith an encoding format regardless of whether the specific examplesreference such a combination or only refers to encoding bitrate.

FIG. 1 illustrates a general content delivery environment 100 fordelivering content from original content providers to user devices. Thecontent delivery environment 100 includes a plurality of devices 102utilized by individual users, generally referred to a client computingdevices, to request streaming content from a video packaging andorigination service 120. Illustratively, the video packaging andorigination service 120 indexes a collection of source video content(either live streaming or file-based video-on-demand) and delivers it toclients via a wide range of communication protocols such as HTTP LiveStreaming (“HLS”), Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (“DASH”), HTTPDynamic Streaming (“HDS”), Real Time Messaging Protocol (“RTMP”), andthe like. Based on consumer demand, a video packaging and originationservice can also provide advanced video transmission features such asjust-in-time packaging of video content, digital rights management(“DRM”) encryption, time-shifting, bitrate selection, catch up TV, andmore. The content can be illustratively provided by one or more originsources, such as original content provider 130.

Client computing devices 102 may include any number of differentcomputing devices capable of communicating with the networks 140, 150,160, via a direct connection or via an intermediary. For example,individual accessing computing devices may correspond to a laptop ortablet computer, personal computer, wearable computer, server, personaldigital assistant (PDA), hybrid PDA/mobile phone, mobile phone,electronic book reader, set-top box, camera, appliance, controller,digital media player, and the like. Each client computing device 102 mayoptionally include one or more data stores (not shown in FIG. 1)including various applications or computer-executable instructions, suchas web browsers, used to implement the embodiments disclosed herein. Onan individual basis, client computing devices 102 may generally haveaccess to fewer computing resources (e.g., processing power, memory,persistent storage space, electronic power, network communicationcapabilities, input and output capabilities, etc.) than the usercomputing devices 104 and job management system 110. Illustrativecomponents of a client computing device 102 will be described withregard to FIG. 2.

In some embodiments, a CDN service provider 110 may include multipleedge locations from which a user device can retrieve content. Individualedge location 112 may be referred to herein as a point of presence(“POP”), where a POP is intended to refer to any collection of relatedcomputing devices utilized to implement functionality on behalf of oneor many providers. POPs are generally associated with a specificgeographic location in which the computing devices implementing the POPare located, or with a region serviced by the POP. As illustrated inFIG. 1, the POP 112 can include one or metric information processingcomponent 114 for processing metric information provided by clientcomputing devices 102 and a data store 116 for maintain collected metricinformation. For example, a data center or a collection of computingdevices within a data center may form a POP. In some instances, the POPsmay implement one or more services, such as CDN services, data storageservices, data processing services, etc. The CDN service provider 110may include multiple POPs located in different geographic locations sothat user devices can communicate with a nearby a POP to retrievecontent, thereby reducing the latency of delivering requested content.

Networks 140, 150, 160 may be any wired network, wireless network, orcombination thereof In addition, the networks 140, 150, 160 may be apersonal area network, local area network, wide area network, cablenetwork, satellite network, cellular telephone network, or combinationthereof. In the example environment of FIG. 1, network 140 is a globalarea network (GAN), such as the Internet. Protocols and components forcommunicating via the other aforementioned types of communicationnetworks are well known to those skilled in the art of computercommunications and thus, need not be described in more detail herein.While each of the client computing devices 102 and video packaging andorigination service 110 are depicted as having a single connection tothe network 130, individual components of the client computing devices102 and video packaging and origination service 110 may be connected tothe network 130 at disparate points. Accordingly, communication timesand capabilities may vary between the components of FIG. 1. Likewise,although FIG. 1 is illustrated as having three separate networks 140,150, 160, one skilled in the relevant art will appreciate that the videopackaging and origination service 110 may utilize any number ofnetworks.

In accordance with embodiments, the video packaging and originationservice 120 includes one or more servers for receiving content fromoriginal content providers 130 and processing the content to generate aset of encoded bitrate segments. As described in further detail below,the video packaging and origination service 120 can receive processedmetric information from the metric processing component 114 and utilizean efficiency matrix in the selection of encoded bitrate segmentbundles.

It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the jobmanagement system 110 may have fewer or greater components than areillustrated in FIG. 1. Thus, the depiction of the video packaging andorigination service 120 in FIG. 1 should be taken as illustrative. Forexample, in some embodiments, components of the video packaging andorigination service 120 may be executed by one more virtual machinesimplemented in a hosted computing environment. A hosted computingenvironment may include one or more rapidly provisioned and releasedcomputing resources, which computing resources may include computing,networking or storage devices.

FIG. 2 depicts one embodiment of an architecture of an illustrative usercomputing device 102 that can generate content requests and processmetric information in accordance with the present application. Thegeneral architecture of the user computing device 102 depicted in FIG. 2includes an arrangement of computer hardware and software componentsthat may be used to implement aspects of the present disclosure. Asillustrated, the user computing device 104 includes a processing unit204, a network interface 206, a computer readable medium drive 207, aninput/output device interface 220, an optional display 202, and an inputdevice 224, all of which may communicate with one another by way of acommunication bus.

The network interface 206 may provide connectivity to one or morenetworks or computing systems, such as the network 140 of FIG. 1. Theprocessing unit 204 may thus receive information and instructions fromother computing systems or services via a network. The processing unit204 may also communicate to and from memory 210 and further provideoutput information for an optional display 202 via the input/outputdevice interface 220. The input/output device interface 220 may alsoaccept input from the optional input device 224, such as a keyboard,mouse, digital pen, etc. In some embodiments, the user computing device104 may include more (or fewer) components than those shown in FIG. 2.

The memory 210 may include computer program instructions that theprocessing unit 204 executes in order to implement one or moreembodiments. The memory 210 generally includes RAM, ROM, or otherpersistent or non-transitory memory. The memory 210 may store anoperating system 214 that provides computer program instructions for useby the processing unit 204 in the general administration and operationof the user computing device 104. The memory 210 may further includecomputer program instructions and other information for implementingaspects of the present disclosure. For example, in one embodiment, thememory 210 includes a network application 216, such as browserapplication or media player, for accessing content and communicatingwith and processing metric information with the job management system110. In other embodiments, the memory 210 may include a separate metriccollection processing application 218.

FIG. 3 depicts one embodiment of an architecture of an illustrativeserver for implementing the video packaging and origination service 120described herein. The general architecture of the video packaging andorigination service 120 depicted in FIG. 3 includes an arrangement ofcomputer hardware and software components that may be used to implementaspects of the present disclosure. As illustrated, the video packagingand origination service 120 includes a processing unit 304, a networkinterface 306, a computer readable medium drive 308, an input/outputdevice interface 309, all of which may communicate with one another byway of a communication bus. The components of the video packaging andorigination service 120 may be physical hardware components orimplemented in a virtualized environment.

The network interface 306 may provide connectivity to one or morenetworks or computing systems, such as the network 150 or network 160 ofFIG. 1. The processing unit 304 may thus receive information andinstructions from other computing systems or services via a network. Theprocessing unit 304 may also communicate to and from memory 310 andfurther provide output information for an optional display via theinput/output device interface 309. In some embodiments, the videopackaging and origination service 120 may include more (or fewer)components than those shown in FIG. 3.

The memory 310 may include computer program instructions that theprocessing unit 304 executes in order to implement one or moreembodiments. The memory 310 generally includes RAM, ROM, or otherpersistent or non-transitory memory. The memory 310 may store anoperating system 314 that provides computer program instructions for useby the processing unit 304 in the general administration and operationof the video packaging and origination service 120. The memory 310 mayfurther include computer program instructions and other information forimplementing aspects of the present disclosure. For example, in oneembodiment, the memory 310 includes interface software 312 for receivingand processing content requests from user devices 102. As will bedescribed in detail below, the resulting information can include adynamically configured bundle to encoding bitrates. Additionally, thememory 310 includes a content processing component 316 for processingcontent segment efficiency matrix information and dynamically managingencoding bitrate bundles.

Turning now to FIGS. 4A and 4B, an illustrative interaction for theprocessing of content requests will be described. At (1), the userdevice 102 transmits a request for content. Illustratively, a user canaccess one or more software applications on the user device to requestcontent, such as streaming content. For example, the user device cangenerate an interface for receiving user commands or interactions andtransmit the request. The initial content request may be transmitteddirectly to the video packaging and origination service 120 and thensent to a selected content delivery network POP 110. Alternatively, theinitial content request may be routed, such as via DNS routing orHTTP-based routing, to a POP 110.

In response, at (2), the video packaging and origination service 120provides a content manifest that identifies a listing of availableencoding bitrates or bitrate/format combinations for a first segment ofthe requested content. Illustratively, the listing of available encodingbitrates or bitrate/format combinations includes sufficient informationthat allows the user computing device 102 to process the information andselect an encoding bitrate for the request. At (3), the user computingdevice 102 transmits the request for the segment of video at a selectedencoding bitrate, or bitrate/format combination. The video packaging andorigination service 120 receives the request and transmits the requestedsegment to the user computing device. For purposes of the presentapplication, the process of selecting and requesting segments accordingto an encoding bitrate or bitrate/format combinations by the usercomputing device 102 and transmitting the requested bitrate can berepeated a number of times. Such a repetitive process would beindicative of a sequential transmission of segments for streamingcontent.

At (4), for each iteration of the request, the user computing device 102collects metric information regarding the processing of the segmentrequests. As previously described, the collected metric information caninclude a throughput or number of segments were received over a definedperiod of time (e.g., x seconds), the bitrate and encoding format foreach received segment, error rates or re-request rates, bitrates thatwere identified in a bundle/manifest but not requested, bitrate/formatcombinations that were identified but not requested, and the like.

With reference to FIG. 4B, at (1), the video packaging and originationservice 120 receives meta-data including the collected metricinformation from the user device 102. At (2), the video packaging andorigination service 120 receives additional meta-data from the contentprovider 130. For purposes of the present application, the meta-data cangenerally refer to various information that can be utilized by the videopacking and origination service 120 as described herein. Illustratively,the video packaging and origination service 120 can receive informationcharacterizing aspects of requested content, such as by a qualitycharacterization. The video packaging and origination service 120 canfurther receive business rules or logic that facilitate the selection ofavailable encoding bitrates or for selecting a specific encoding bitratebased on a received request. The business rules or logic may be specificto individual content, types of content or may be generally applicableto all content. The business rules or logic may also unique to contentproviders.

At (3), the video packaging and origination service 120 processes themeta-data to generate an efficiency matrix or update a generatedefficiency matrix. As previously described, the efficiency matrix thatcorrelates the received metric information in the meta-data with thedifferent encoding bitrates. At (4), the video packaging and originationservice 120 processes the content request according to the efficiencymatrix. Illustratively, the content streaming system can utilize theefficiency matrix to log metrics about individual encoding bitrates orbitrate/format combinations.

For individual client computing devices or sets of client computingdevices, the content streaming system can then identify various trendsor characteristics related to the currently offered bundle of encodingbitrates. For example, processing the content request can include thevideo packaging and origination service 120 identifying encodingbitrates or bitrate/format combinations that have not been requested orin which the number of requests fall below a minimum threshold. In thisembodiment, the video packaging and origination service 120 mayassociated all the requests by encoding bitrate regardless of encodingformat or consider each bitrate/format combination individual or insubgroups. Additionally, processing the content request can also includethe video packaging and origination service 120 identifyingopportunities for additional encoding bitrates or bitrate/formatcombinations by identifying encoding bitrates or bitrate/formatcombinations that have been requested a number of times above theminimum threshold and determining whether additional encoding bitratesbetween the identified encoding bitrates are possible and available. At(5), the video packaging and origination service 120 transmits theoptimized manifest or encoding bitrate bundle that is made available tothe client computing device for subsequent segment requests. In someembodiments, the video packaging and origination service 120 maygenerate a master set of available encoding bitrates and allow the POP110 to select a reduced set of encoding bitrates.

With reference now to FIG.4C, in an alternative embodiment, the videopackaging and origination service 120 can utilize the characterizationof content and business logic to modify content requests. At (1), theuser computing device 102 transmits a request for a segment of video ata selected encoding bitrate or bitrate/format combination. At (2), thevideo packaging and origination service 120 receives the request andaccesses the content characterization data and business logic. At (3),the video packaging and origination service 120 modifies the selectionof encoded bitrate or bitrate/format combination based on the evaluationof the business logic. Illustratively, the characterization of thecontent can correspond to a determination of quality of transmission.For example, a higher quality content characterization may require aminimal encoding bitrate relative to lower quality contentcharacterizations. Accordingly, the video packaging and originationservice 120 can evaluate business logic to ensure that a requestedencoded bitrate meets the minimal encoding bitrate or to adjust arequested bitrate to a higher bitrate based on the business logic. At(4), the video packaging and origination service 120 receives therequest and transmits the requested segment to the user computing device102.

Turning now to FIG. 5, a routine 500 for processing content requestswill be described. Illustratively, routine 500 will be described withregard to implementation by the video packaging and origination service120. For purposes of routine 500, it is assumed that the video packagingand origination service 120 has previously obtained and provided acontent manifest and content segment to one or more user devices 102. Atblock 502, the video packaging and origination service 120 receivesmeta-data including the collected metric information from the userdevice 102. At block 504, the video packaging and origination service120 receives additional meta-data from the content provider 130.Illustratively, the video packaging and origination service 120 canreceive information characterizing aspects of requested content, such asby a quality characterization. The video packaging and originationservice 120 can further receive business rules or logic that facilitatethe selection of available encoding bitrates or for selecting a specificencoding bitrate based on a received request. The business rules orlogic may be specific to individual content, types of content or may begenerally applicable to all content. The business rules or logic mayalso unique to content providers.

At block 506, the video packaging and origination service 120 processesthe meta-data to generate an efficiency matrix or update a generatedefficiency matrix. As previously described, the efficiency matrixcorrelates the received metric information in the meta-data with thedifferent encoding bitrates or bitrate/format combinations. In someembodiments, the efficiency matrix can correspond to all requests for adefined set of content. In other embodiments, the efficiency matrix canbe based on different quality versions of the requested content. Forexample, the video packaging and origination service 120 may maintain oraccess different efficiency matrices based on the characterization ofquality.

At block 508, the video packaging and origination service 120 processesthe content request according to the efficiency matrix. Illustratively,the content streaming system can utilize the efficiency matrix to logmetrics about individual encoding bitrates. For individual clientcomputing devices or sets of client computing devices, the contentstreaming system can then identify various trends or characteristicsrelated to the currently offered bundle of encoding bitrates orbitrate/format combinations. For example, processing the content requestcan include the video packaging and origination service 120 identifyingencoding bitrates or bitrate/format combinations that have not beenrequested or in which the number of requests fall below a minimumthreshold. Additionally, processing the content request can also includethe video packaging and origination service 120 identifyingopportunities for additional encoding bitrates or bitrate/formatcombinations by identifying encoding bitrates or bitrate/formatcombinations that have been requested a number of times above theminimum threshold and determining whether additional encoding bitratesbetween the identified encoding bitrates are possible and available.

At block 510, the video packaging and origination service 120 transmitsthe optimized the manifest or encoding bitrate bundle that is madeavailable to the client computing device for subsequent segmentrequests. In some embodiments, the video packaging and originationservice 120 may generate a master set of available encoding bitrates andallow the POP 110 to select a reduced set of encoding bitrates.

Turning now to FIG.6, a routine 600 for processing content requests willbe described. Illustratively, routine 600 will be described with regardto implementation by the video packaging and origination service 120. Atblock 602, the video packaging and origination service 120 receives arequest for a segment of video at a selected encoding bitrate orbitrate/format combination. At block 604, the video packaging andorigination service 120 receives the request and accesses the contentcharacterization data and business logic. Illustratively, the businesslogic can provide various rules for identifying how content segmentrequests should be processed based on characterization of the requestedsegment. For example, the business logic can identify minimum ranges ofencoding bitrates that are required based on a characterization ofquality. In this example, a higher quality characterization would likelyresult in minimum ranges. In another example, the business logic canidentify maximum ranges of encoding bitrates that cannot be exceededbased on a characterization of quality. In this example, a lower qualitycharacterization would likely result in maximum ranges. In still furtherexamples the business logic can correspond to logic or rules that causethe video packaging and origination service 120 to request higher orlower encoding bitrates than originally requested or to replace arequested encoding bitrate with an encoding bitrate selected from anavailable range of encoding bitrate. In yet another example, thebusiness logic can correspond to logic or rules that cause the videopackaging and origination service 120 to request a next higher or lowerencoding bitrates than originally requested encoding bitrate. Thebusiness logic can correspond to logic or rules that cause the videopackaging and origination service 120 to request differentbitrate/format combinations based on the characterization data.

At block 606, the video packaging and origination service 120 modifiesthe selected encoded bitrate or bitrate/format combinations based on theevaluation of the business logic. Illustratively, the characterizationof the content can correspond to a determination of quality oftransmission. For example, a higher quality content characterization mayrequire a minimal encoding bitrate relative to lower quality contentcharacterizations. Accordingly, the video packaging and originationservice 120 can evaluate business logic to ensure that a requestedencoded bitrate or bitrate/format combinations meet the minimal encodingbitrate or to adjust a requested bitrate to a higher bitrate based onthe business logic. At block 608, the video packaging and originationservice 120 transmits the requested segment to the user computing device102. The routine 600 terminates at block 608.

All of the methods and tasks described herein may be performed and fullyautomated by a computer system. The computer system may, in some cases,include multiple distinct computers or computing devices (e.g., physicalservers, workstations, storage arrays, cloud computing resources, etc.)that communicate and interoperate over a network to perform thedescribed functions. Each such computing device typically includes aprocessor (or multiple processors) that executes program instructions ormodules stored in a memory or other non-transitory computer-readablestorage medium or device (e.g., solid state storage devices, diskdrives, etc.). The various functions disclosed herein may be embodied insuch program instructions, or may be implemented in application-specificcircuitry (e.g., ASICs or FPGAs) of the computer system. Where thecomputer system includes multiple computing devices, these devices may,but need not, be co-located. The results of the disclosed methods andtasks may be persistently stored by transforming physical storagedevices, such as solid state memory chips or magnetic disks, into adifferent state. In some embodiments, the computer system may be acloud-based computing system whose processing resources are shared bymultiple distinct business entities or other users.

Depending on the embodiment, certain acts, events, or functions of anyof the processes or algorithms described herein can be performed in adifferent sequence, can be added, merged, or left out altogether (e.g.,not all described operations or events are necessary for the practice ofthe algorithm). Moreover, in certain embodiments, operations or eventscan be performed concurrently, e.g., through multi-threaded processing,interrupt processing, or multiple processors or processor cores or onother parallel architectures, rather than sequentially.

The various illustrative logical blocks, modules, routines, andalgorithm steps described in connection with the embodiments disclosedherein can be implemented as electronic hardware (e.g., ASICs or FPGAdevices), computer software that runs on computer hardware, orcombinations of both. Moreover, the various illustrative logical blocksand modules described in connection with the embodiments disclosedherein can be implemented or performed by a machine, such as a processordevice, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application specificintegrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA) orother programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic,discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed toperform the functions described herein. A processor device can be amicroprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor device can be acontroller, microcontroller, or state machine, combinations of the same,or the like. A processor device can include electrical circuitryconfigured to process computer-executable instructions. In anotherembodiment, a processor device includes an FPGA or other programmabledevice that performs logic operations without processingcomputer-executable instructions. A processor device can also beimplemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a combinationof a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one ormore microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other suchconfiguration. Although described herein primarily with respect todigital technology, a processor device may also include primarily analogcomponents. For example, some or all of the rendering techniquesdescribed herein may be implemented in analog circuitry or mixed analogand digital circuitry. A computing environment can include any type ofcomputer system, including, but not limited to, a computer system basedon a microprocessor, a mainframe computer, a digital signal processor, aportable computing device, a device controller, or a computationalengine within an appliance, to name a few.

The elements of a method, process, routine, or algorithm described inconnection with the embodiments disclosed herein can be embodieddirectly in hardware, in a software module executed by a processordevice, or in a combination of the two. A software module can reside inRAM memory, flash memory, ROM memory, EPROM memory, EEPROM memory,registers, hard disk, a removable disk, a CD-ROM, or any other form of anon-transitory computer-readable storage medium. An exemplary storagemedium can be coupled to the processor device such that the processordevice can read information from, and write information to, the storagemedium. In the alternative, the storage medium can be integral to theprocessor device. The processor device and the storage medium can residein an ASIC. The ASIC can reside in a user terminal. In the alternative,the processor device and the storage medium can reside as discretecomponents in a user terminal.

Conditional language used herein, such as, among others, “can,” “could,”“might,” “may,” “e.g.,” and the like, unless specifically statedotherwise, or otherwise understood within the context as used, isgenerally intended to convey that certain embodiments include, whileother embodiments do not include, certain features, elements or steps.Thus, such conditional language is not generally intended to imply thatfeatures, elements or steps are in any way required for one or moreembodiments or that one or more embodiments necessarily include logicfor deciding, with or without other input or prompting, whether thesefeatures, elements or steps are included or are to be performed in anyparticular embodiment. The terms “comprising,” “including,” “having,”and the like are synonymous and are used inclusively, in an open-endedfashion, and do not exclude additional elements, features, acts,operations, and so forth. Also, the term “or” is used in its inclusivesense (and not in its exclusive sense) so that when used, for example,to connect a list of elements, the term “or” means one, some, or all ofthe elements in the list.

Disjunctive language such as the phrase “at least one of X, Y, or Z,”unless specifically stated otherwise, is otherwise understood with thecontext as used in general to present that an item, term, etc., may beeither X, Y, or Z, or any combination thereof (e.g., X, Y, or Z). Thus,such disjunctive language is not generally intended to, and should not,imply that certain embodiments require at least one of X, at least oneof Y, and at least one of Z to each be present.

While the above detailed description has shown, described, and pointedout novel features as applied to various embodiments, it can beunderstood that various omissions, substitutions, and changes in theform and details of the devices or algorithms illustrated can be madewithout departing from the spirit of the disclosure. As can berecognized, certain embodiments described herein can be embodied withina form that does not provide all of the features and benefits set forthherein, as some features can be used or practiced separately fromothers. The scope of certain embodiments disclosed herein is indicatedby the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description. Allchanges which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of theclaims are to be embraced within their scope.

What is claimed is:
 1. A system for managing the transmission of contentfor streaming to client devices, wherein the content is organized into aplurality of segments, the system comprising: one or more computingdevices configured to receive streaming content requests from individualuser devices and meta-data from a set of user devices corresponding tohistorical transmission of at least one segment of requested videostreaming content; and one or more computing devices associated with avideo packaging and origination service, wherein the video packaging andorigination service is configured to: access a content delivery manifestthat provides a listing of a set available encoding bitrates for arequested segment corresponding to a received request for streamingcontent; process the meta-data to generate an efficiency matrix, theefficiency matrix correlating the received meta-data according specificencoding bitrates identified in the content delivery manifest; updatethe content delivery manifest to modify at least one aspect of thecontent delivery manifest based on the efficiency matrix, whereinupdating the content delivery manifest includes at least one of addingor removing a listing of an available encoding bitrate in the contentdelivery manifest; transmit the updated content delivery manifestresponsive to the received request for streaming content; obtain asubsequent request for a segment; process the subsequent request for asegment according to quality characterization information to select anencoding bitrate for the requested segment; and transmit a responsivesegment corresponding to the selected encoding bitrate based on theprocessed subsequent request.
 2. The system of Claim 1, wherein thevideo packaging and origination service updates the content deliverymanifest to remove at least one encoded bitrate in the set of encodedbitrates based on information associated with the at least one encodedbitrate.
 3. The system of Claim 1, wherein the video packaging andorigination service updates the content delivery manifest to add atleast one encoded bitrate in the set of encoded bitrates based oninformation associated with at least one additional encoded bitrate. 4.The system of Claim 1, wherein the video packaging and originationservice processes the subsequent request for a segment according toquality characterization information to select an encoding bitrate forthe requested segment by selecting a higher encoded bitrate in a definedrange based on a higher quality characterization.
 5. Acomputer-implemented method for managing of the transmission of contentto computing devices comprising: receiving a request for streamingcontent, the streaming content organized according to a set of segments;obtaining a content delivery manifest listing a set of encoded bitratesfor the set of segments associated with request for streaming content;processing the content delivery manifest according to a historicalprocessing of segments, wherein processing the content delivery manifestaccording to the historical processing of segments includes generating asuperset of available encoded bitrates and filtering the superset ofavailable encoded bitrates based on characteristics of a contentrequest; and causing a transmission of the processed content deliverymanifest.
 6. The computer-implemented method of Claim 5, whereinprocessing the content delivery manifest according to the historicalprocessing of segments includes identifying requests for at least oneencoded bitrate in the set of encoded bitrates that do not exceed aminimum threshold.
 7. The computer-implemented method of Claim 6,wherein processing the content delivery manifest according to thehistorical processing of segments includes removing the identifiedencoded bitrates identified as not exceeding the minimum threshold. 8.The computer-implemented method of Claim 5, wherein processing thecontent delivery manifest according to the historical processing ofsegments includes identifying requests for at least one encoded bitratein the set of encoded bitrates that exceed a minimum threshold.
 9. Thecomputer-implemented method of Claim 8, wherein processing the contentdelivery manifest according to the historical processing of segmentsincludes: identifying at least one additional encoding bitrate based onthe encoded bitrates identified as exceeding the minimum threshold; andadding the identified at least one additional encoding bitrate to thecontent delivery manifest.
 10. A computer-implemented method formanaging of the transmission of content to computing devices comprising:receiving a request for streaming content, the streaming contentorganized according to a set of segments; obtaining a content deliverymanifest listing a set of encoded bitrates for the set of segmentsassociated with request for streaming content; processing the contentdelivery manifest according to historical processing of segmentsorganized according to a characterization of the delivery of thecontent; and causing the transmission of the processed content deliverymanifest.
 11. The computer-implemented method of Claim 10, wherein thecharacterization of the delivery of the content corresponds to acharacterization of quality.
 12. The computer-implemented method ofClaim 10 further comprising: obtaining a subsequent request for asegment, the request identifying a requested encoding bitrate;processing the subsequent request for a segment according to thecharacterization of the delivery of the content by selecting an encodingbitrate different from a requested encoding bitrate; and transmit aresponsive segment corresponding to the selected encoding bitrate. 13.The computer-implemented method of Claim 12, wherein selecting anencoding bitrate different from a requested encoding bitrate includesselecting a higher encoded bitrate within a defined range of encodedbitrates based the characterization of the delivery of the content. 14.The computer-implemented method of Claim 12, selecting an encodingbitrate different from a requested encoding bitrate includes selecting alowest encoded bitrate within a defined range of encoded bitrates basedthe characterization of the delivery of the content.
 15. Acomputer-implemented method for delivering content comprising: receivinga request for streaming content, the streaming content organizedaccording to a set of segments; processing an identified set ofavailable segments associated with the request for streaming contentaccording to a historical processing of segments, wherein the segmentsare identified by a format and an encoding bitrate and whereinprocessing the identified set of available segments associated with therequest for streaming content according to the historical processing ofsegments includes processing an identified set of available encodingbitrates based on a characterization of the delivery of the content; andcausing a transmission of the processed identified set of availableencoding bitrates.
 16. The computer-implemented method of Claim 15wherein processing the identified set of segments associated with therequest for streaming content according to the historical processing ofsegments includes identifying a number of historical requests for theidentified set of available segments.
 17. The computer-implementedmethod of Claim 16, wherein processing the identified set of availablesegments associated with the request for streaming content according tothe historical processing of segments includes at least one of adding orremoving at least one available segment.
 18. The computer-implementedmethod of Claim 15, wherein processing the set of available encodingbitrate based on the characterization of the delivery of the contentincludes selecting an encoding bitrate based on the processing the setof available encoding bitrate based on the characterization of thedelivery of the content.